KENNETH J. ARROW (1921-)
Prêmio Nobel 1972
Economista norte-americano, de Nova Iorque, Arrow estudou no City College e em Columbia. Sua tese de doutorado "Social Choice and Individual Values" supunha uma revolução teórica: utilizando o sistema de notação da lógica simbólica estabeleceu o problema da intransitividade das preferências sociais.
O "Teorema da Impossibilidade de Arrow" afirma que não existe uma forma democrática de votação que permita uma eleição social transitiva e racional. A única constituição que permitiria adotar decisões estáveis e não ambíguas seria a de uma ditadura unipessoal, ou ainda se as possibilidades de eleição se reduzissem a dois candidatos.
Arrow obteve o Prêmio Nobel de Economia em 1972, compartilhado com o britânico John R. Hicks, por suas contribuições pioneiras à Teoria do Equilíbrio Econômico Geral e à Teoria do Bem-Estar.
Obras:
"On the Use of Winds in Flight Planning", 1949, Journal of Meteorology
"Bayes and Minimax Solutions of Sequential Decision Problems", con D. Blackwell and M.A. Girshick, 1949, Econometrica
"A Difficulty in the Concept of Social Welfare", 1950, JPE
Social Choice and Individual Values, 1951.
"An Extension of the Basic Theorems of Classical Welfare Economics", 1951, en Neyman, editor, Proceedings of Second Berkeley Symposium
"Optimal Inventory Policy", conT. Harris and J. Marschak, 1951, Econometrica
"Little's Critique of Welfare Economics", 1951, AER
"Mathematical Models in the Social Sciences", 1951, in Lerner and Lasswell, editors, Policy Sciences
"Alternative Proof of the Substitution Theorem for Leontief Models in the General Case", 1951, in Koopmans, editor, Activity Analysis of Production and Allocation
"Alternative Approaches to the Theory of Choice in Risk-Taking Situation", 1951, Econometrica
"The Determination of Many-Commodity Preference Scales by Two- Commodity Comparisons", 1952, Metroeconomica
"Principle of Rationality in Collective Decisions", 1952, Economie Appliquee
"Admissable Points of Convex Sets", con E.W. Barankwin and D.W. Blackwell, 1953, Contributions to the Theory of Games
"The Role of Securities in the Optimal Allocation of Risk-Bearing", 1953, Econometrie - (in 1963, RES).
"Existence of an Equilibrium for a Competitive Economy", conGerard Debreu, 1954, Econometrica.
"Import Substitution in Leontief Models", 1954, Econometrica
"A Theorem on Expectations and the Stability of Equilibrium", 1956, con A. Enthoven, Econometrica.
"Reduction of Constrained Maxima to Saddle-Point Problems" con L. Hurwicz, 1956, Proceedings of the Third Berkeley Symposium
"Statistics and Economic Policy", 1957, Econometrica
"Decision Theory and Operations Research", 1957, Operations Research
"Gradient Methods for Constrained Maxima", con L. Hurwicz, 1957, Operations Research
"Utilities, Attitudes, Choices: A review note", 1958, Operations Research
"A Note on Expectations and Stability" con M. Nerlove, 1958, Econometrica
"A Note on the Dynamic Stability", con M. McManus, 1958, Econometrica.
"Tinbergen on Economic Policy", 1958, JASA
Studies in the Mathematical Theory of Inventory and Production, con S. Karlin and H.E. Scarf, 1958.
Studies in Linear and Non-Linear Programming con L. Hurwicz and Hirofumi Uzawa, 1958.
"On the Stability of Competitive Equilibrium I", con Leonid Hurwicz, 1958, Econometrica.
"On the Stability of Competitive Equilibrium, II", con J.D.Block, L.Hurwicz, 1959, Econometrica.
"Rational Choice Functions and Ordering", 1959, Economica.
"Toward a Theory of Price Adjustment", 1959, in Abramovitz, editor, Allocation of Economic Resources.
"Rational Choice Functions and Orderings", 1959, Economica
"Competitive Stability under Weak Gross Substitutability: the Euclidian distance approach" con L. Hurwicz, 1960, IER.
"The Work of Ragnar Frisch, Econometrician", 1960, Econometrica
"Some Remarks on the Equilibria of Economic Systems" con L. Hurwicz, 1960, Econometrica.
"Constraint Qualifications in Non-Linear Programming", con L. Hurwicz and H. Uzawa, 1961, Naval Research Logistics Quarterly
"Quasi-Concave Programming", con A.C. Enthoven, 1961, Econometrica
"Capital-Labor Substitution and Economic Efficiency", con H.B. Chenery, B.S. Minhas and R.M. Solow, 1961, REStat
"Additive Logarithmic Demand Functions and the Slutsky Relations", 1961, RES
"Competitive Stability under Weak Gross Substitutability: Nonlinear price adjustment and adaptive expectations", 1962, IER.
"The Economic Implications of Learning by Doing", 1962, AER.
"Economic Welfare and the Allocation of Resources for Innovation", 1962, in Nelson, editor, The Rate and Direction of Inventive Activity.
"Uncertainty and the Welfare Economics of Medical Care", 1963, AER.
"Utility and Expectation in Economic Behavior", 1963, in Koch, editor, Psychology
"Optimal Capacity Policy, the Cost of Capital and Myopic Decision Rules", 1964, Annals of Institute of Statistical Mechanics
Aspects of the Theory of Risk-Bearing, 1965.
"Discounting and Public Investment Criteria", 1966, Water Research
"Values and Collective Decision Making", 1967, in Laslett and Runcimann, editors, Philosophy, Politics and Society
"The Place of Moral Obligation in Preference Systems", 1967, in Hook, editor, Human Values and Economic Policy.
"Optimal Capital Policy con Irreversible Investment", 1968, in Wolfe, editor, Value, Capital and Growth
"Applications of Control Theory to Economic Growth", 1968, Mathematics of Decision Sciences
"Economic Equilibrium", 1968, IESS.
"The Organization of Economic Activity: Issue pertinent to the choice of market versus nonmarket allocations", 1969, Analysis and Evalution of Public Expenditures
"Optimal Public Investment Policy and Controllability with Fixed Private Savings Ration", con M. Kurz 1969, JET
"Optimal Growth with Irreversible Investment in a Ramsey Model", con M. Kurz 1970, Econometrica
"Uncertainty and the Evaluation of Public Investment Decisions", con R.C. Lind, 1970, AER.
Public Investment, the Rate of Return and Optimal Fiscal Policy, 1970, con M. Kurz.
"A Utilitarian Approach to the Concept of Equality in Public Expenditures", 1971, QJE
"The Value and Demand for Information", 1971, in McGuire and Radner, editors, Decision and Organization
"Expositions of the Theory of Choice under Uncertainty", 1971, in McGuire and Radner, editors, Decision and Organization
Essays in the Theory of Risk-Bearing, 1971.
General Competitive Analysis, con F.H.Hahn, 1971.
"The Firm in General Equilibrium Theory", 1971, in Marris and Wood, editors, The Corporate Economy.
"Problems in Resource Allocation in United States Medical Care", 1972, en Kunz and Fehr, editors, Challenge of LIfe
"Models of Job Discrimination", 1972, in Pascal, editor, Ractial Discrimination in Economic Life
"Some Models of Race in the Labor Market", 1972, in Pascal, editor, Ractial Discrimination in Economic Life
"Cost-Theoretical and Demand-Theoretical Approaches to the Theory of Price Determination", con D. Starrett, 1973, in Hicks and Weber, editors, Carl Menger and the Austrian School of Economics.
"Some Ordinalist-Utilitarian Notes on Rawls's Theory of Justice", 1973, J of Philosophy
"Higher Education as a Filter", 1973, JPublicE
"The Theory of Discrimination", 1973, in Aschenfelter and Rees, editors, Discrimination in Labor Markets
"Formal Theories of Social Welfare", 1973, in Wiener, editor, Dictionary of the History of Ideas
"Social Responsibility and Economic Efficiency", 1973, Public Policy
"Rawls's Principle of Just Saving", 1973, Swedish JE
"General Economic Equilibrium: Purpose, analytic techniques, collective choice", 1974, AER.
The Limits of Organization, 1974.
"Limited Knowledge and Economic Analysis", 1974, AER
"Optimal Insurance and Generalized Deductibles", 1974, Scandavian Actuarial Journal
"Thorstein Veblen as an Economic Theorist", 1975, American Economist
"Vertical Integration and Communication", 1975, Bell JE
"The Genesis of Dynamic Systems Governed by Metzler Matrices", 1976, Mathematical Economics and Game Theory.
"Quantity Adjustment in Resource Allocation: A statistical interpretation", 1976, in Grierson, editor, Public and Urban Economics
The Viability and Equity of Capitalism, 1976.
Theoretical Issues in Health Insurance, 1976.
Studies in Resource Allocation Processes, con L. Hurwicz, 1977.
"Extended Sympathy and the Possibility of Social Choice", 1977, AER
"Current Developments in the Theory of Social Choice", 1977, Social Research
"Nozick's Entitlement Theory of Justice", 1978, Philosophia
"Risk Allocation and Information: Some recent theoretical developments", 1978, Geneva Papers on Risk and Insurance.
"The Future and Present in Economic Life", 1978, Economic Inquiry
"Jacob Marschak's Contributions to the Economics of Decision and Information", 1978, AER
"The Property Rights Doctrine and Demand Revelation under Incomplete Information", 1979, in Boskin, editor, Economics and Human Welfare
"Allocation of Resources in Large Teams", con R. Radner, 1979, Econometrica
"The Trade-Off Between Growth and Equity", 1979, in Greenfield et al., editors, Theory for Economic Efficiency.
"Real and Nominal Magnitudes in Economics", 1980, J of Financial and Quantitative Analysis
"Optimal Pricing, Use and Exploration of Uncertain Natural Resource Stocks", con S.L. Chang, 1980, en Liu, editor, Dynamic Optimization and Mathematical Economics.
"Futures Markets: Some theoretical perspectives", 1981, J of Futures Markets
"Pareto Efficiency with Costly Transfers", 1981, in Los, editor, Studies in Economic Theory and Practice
"Optimal and Voluntary Income Distribution", 1981, in Rosefielde, editor, Economic Welfare and Economics of Soviet Socialism
Editor, Handbook of Mathematical Economics, Volumes I- III, 1981-1986, con M.D. Intriligator
"Risk Perception in Psychology and Economics", 1982, Economic Inquiry
"Why People Go Hungry: Review of Sen", 1982
Collected Papers of Kenneth J. Arrow, seven volumes, 1983-5.
"Behavior under Uncertainty and its Implications for Policy", 1983, in Stigum and Wenstop, editors, Foundations of Utility and Risk Theory
"Team Thery and Decentralized Resource Allocation", 1983, in Desai, editor, Marxism, Central Planning and the Soviet Union
"The Potentials and Limits of the Market in Resource Allocation", 1985, in Feiwel, editor, Issues in Contemporary Microeconomics and Welfare
"Distributive Justice and Desirable Ends of Economic Activity", 1985, in Feiwel, editor, Issues in Contemporary Microeconomics and Welfare
"Informational Structure of the Firm", 1985, AER
"Agency and the Market", 1986, in Arrow and Intriligator, editors, Handbook of Mathematical Economics, Vol. III
"Methodological Individualism and Social Knowledge", 1994, AER
"Foreword", 1994, to W.B. Arthur, Increasing Returns and Path Dependence in the Economy
"Some General Observations on the Economics of Peace and War", 1994, ECAAR Japan.
"Judgemental Cuts in Consumer Price Indexation Are a Bad Idea," con R. Solow and J. Tobin, 1997, FAS
"Notes on Sequence Economies, Transaction Costs and Uncertainty", con F.H. Hahn , 1999, JET
"How to Grow: Review of Olson", 2000, Washington Monthly
"Globalization and its Implications for International Security", 2000, ECAAR seminar